Американская военная машина. Глубинная политика, глобальная связь ЦРУ с наркотиками и путь в Афганистан - Peter Dale Scott
133. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 128–38.
134. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 151; Toye, Laos, 182. Both the London Times (May 16, 1962) and the New York Times (May 7, 1962) commented at the time that Phoumi concentrated his troops in Nam Tha, against U.S. advice, “in order to provoke an attack” (Goldstein, American Policy toward Laos, 256).
135. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 151–52.
136. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 151–52, citing London Times, May 24, 1962, and May 31, 1962. I agree with McCoy that in this crisis Phoumi used the drug traffic to finance his army (McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 300). I am not convinced that he could at this time have anticipated profits adequate to make up for the CIA subsidy.
137. Kaiser, American Tragedy, 127–30, 135–38; FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 23, 936–39, 968–69. Cf. William Shawcross, “How Tyranny Returned to Thailand,” New York Review of Books, December 9, 1976, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/8648: “In 1964 the US began to build in Thailand the bases that were essential to the prosecution of the Vietnam war; the country was transformed into ‘a land-based aircraft carrier.’ The bombing of Vietnam began from Thai bases in 1965; Thai troops (paid by the US) ‘volunteered’ to fight in Vietnam and Laos.”
138. Scott, The War Conspiracy, xiii–xiv, 3–41; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 109–11, 119–58. For independent corroboration of the role of Laos in leading to the Vietnam War, see Kaiser, American Tragedy, 20–35: “Eisenhower’s . . . policies left his successor facing an immediate decision between war and peace” (34). But like almost all archival historians, Kaiser underestimates the role of the drug traffic and of the CIA’s airline Air America in steering events in Laos; cf. my comments in Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 13–14.
139. Kaufman, “Trouble in the Golden Triangle,” 451.
140. Prados, Lost Crusader, 169. Unlike the Hmong, the lowland Lao were devout Buddhists for whom killing under any circumstances was abhorrent. Their American advisers found this quality to be a mark of the Laotians’ inferior civilization.
141. Roger Warner, Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America’s Clandestine War in Laos (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 1996), 254.
142. Quincy, Harvesting Pa Chay’s Wheat, 321.
143. Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Pack: The People, Politics and Espionage Intrigues That Shaped the DEA (Springfield, OR: TrineDay, 2009), 77; Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs (London: Verso, 2004), 421–22.
144. Leary, Perilous Missions, 81–82.
145. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 133–56, 196.
146. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, 720.
147. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, 708, 720; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 146.
148. FRUS, vol. 16, 893.
149. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 311; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 134–35.
150. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 131, 135. In addition, the U-2 incident occurred when Eisenhower was artificially isolated outside Washington as part of a rehearsal of “Doomsday” plans for response to a nuclear attack (James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency [New York: Doubleday, 2001], 49–53).
151. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, 1009; Kaiser, American Tragedy, 29–30; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 129–37.
152. The same motive was later attributed by CIA pilot Gary Powers to his ill-fated and unprecedented U-2 flight across the entire Soviet Union in 1960 (Scott, The War Conspiracy, 87, 112–13, 136).
153. Henrik Krüger, trans. Jerry Meldon, The Great Heroin Coup—Drugs, Intelligence, and International Fascism (Boston: South End Press, 1980), 16; cf. Alan A. Block, Masters of Paradise: Organized Crime and the Internal Revenue Service in the Bahamas (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991), 169–70.
154. Charles J. V. Murphy, “Cuba: The Record Set Straight,” Fortune, September 1961, 94. Discussion in Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 136–37; Paul W. Blackstock, The Strategy of Subversion (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964), 250.
155. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 300.
156. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 40.
157. Alan A. Block and Constance A. Weaver, All Is Clouded by Desire: Global Banking, Money Laundering, and International Organized Crime (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 39–44; Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 61, 67. Castle’s parent bank, Mercantile Bank and Trust, was founded by Helliwell in 1962.
158. See chapter 10; see also John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America, and International Terrorism (London: Pluto, 1999), 81–161.
159. In addition, there are more than 4 million addicts in Iran, a country with a longer history of addiction.
160. Fineman, A Special Relationship, 147–60. Phao “used the CIA to his advantage, while the CIA exploited his willingness to perform operations that served US interests” (Surachart Bamrungsuk, United States Foreign Policy and Thai Military Rule, 1947–1977 [Bangkok: Editions Duang Kamol, 1988], 62).
161. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 105–6; Sterling Seagrave, Lords of the Rim: The Invisible Empire of the Oversea Chinese (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995), chap. 10.
162. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 162.
163. Bamrungsuk, United States Foreign Policy and Thai Military Rule, 1947–1977, 63.
164. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 156.
165. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 157.
166. Catherine Lamour and Michel R. Lamberti, Les grandes manoeuvres de l’opium (Paris: Seuil, 1972), 108–11.
167. Lintner, Burma in Revolt, 305.
Chapter 5: Laos
1. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 212, 253–55, 344. Weiner writes that the CIA under Hecksher in the 1950s “installed a new Prime minister, Prince Souvanna Phouma” (212). He actually means Phoumi Nosavan, who briefly overthrew Souvanna Phouma. However Weiner does note that in Thailand Donovan’s boost to CIA covert operations was helped by the “Thai national police force, whose commander [Phao Sriyanon, not named] was an opium king” (257).
2. Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of
